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Knee Osteoarthritis (OA)

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent condition associated with discomfort and stiffness in the knee joint. While osteoarthritis can develop in other joints, the knee is among the most frequently affected areas.

Over time, the structures within the knee joint deteriorate, and result in the loss of cartilage that usually enables smooth bone movement. This can also lead to changes in bone shape, the formation of bony growths known as osteophytes (bone spurs) and inflammation of the joint lining. These modifications can significantly impact knee function; this causes discomfort and restricted movement.

Osteoarthritis of the knee primarily affects individuals over the age of 50, with the risk increasing as you get older.

Symptoms

Knee osteoarthritis mostly occurs in both knees and presents with the following symptoms:

  • Discomfort in and around the knee, which worsens with activity. In mild to moderate cases, the pain usually subsides at rest but may persist even at night in severe osteoarthritis.
  • Swelling around the knee joint.
  • Stiffness, especially after periods of rest or first thing in the morning. Morning stiffness typically lasts no more than 30 minutes upon getting up.
  • The knee may feel weak or give way unexpectedly. In some cases, it may lock, making it difficult to straighten fully.
  • Pain, swelling and stiffness can limit your range of motion, and this makes everyday movements more challenging.
  • A sensation or sound of creaking or grinding (crepitus) may occur when moving the knee.

Causes of Knee Osteoarthritis

Healthcare providers are unsure why particular individuals develop knee OA. However, several factors are likely to increase the possibility. You have a higher chance of developing osteoarthritis if:

  • You are at the age of 50 and above
  • You are female
  • You are significantly overweight
  • You have done manual labour, like farming, or consistently engaged in physical activity—like running.

Knee OA is also believed to be a hereditary condition, as it often runs in families. In addition, it usually occurs following an injury or multiple minor injuries to the knee joint. These risk factors may merge, making the knee more prone to damage or the development of osteoarthritis over time.

Diagnosis

During diagnosis, the doctor will assess your symptoms, review your medical history, and examine your knee. In most cases, they can diagnose knee OA based on your symptoms and physical examination. However, they may order an X-ray and blood tests to confirm the diagnosis and exclude other possible conditions.

Managing Knee Osteoarthritis

There are several ways to manage knee osteoarthritis and make daily life easier. The following strategies can help reduce pain and stiffness:

  • Maintaining a healthy weight. If you are overweight, losing extra pounds can help reduce stress on your knee joints and slow the progression of osteoarthritis.
  • Staying active. Regular exercise strengthens the muscles near joints and enhances overall fitness. Consult a GP or physiotherapist to determine the most suitable exercises for your condition.
  • Using a walking aid. A walking stick can help reduce pressure on your knee joint and improve stability.
  • Wearing supportive footwear. Opt for well-cushioned shoes, such as trainers, to minimise joint strain.
  • Applying heat or cold therapy. A heat pad can help relax stiff muscles, while an ice pack can reduce swelling and pain. Always wrap them in a towel before applying them to your skin to prevent burns or frostbite.

Treating Knee Osteoarthritis

Although osteoarthritis has no cure, various treatments can help manage the problem and alleviate symptoms. The primary goal of treatment is to ease pain and stiffness, improving knee function and overall quality of life.

Your GP may recommend that you consult different healthcare specialists, including physiotherapists. If your symptoms are severe, they may also refer you to orthopaedic surgeon specialising in bone surgery.

A physiotherapist will evaluate your knee and design a personalised rehabilitation program to strengthen the muscles of your knee and leg. Following these exercises consistently can help maintain knee function.

Additionally, your physiotherapist may advise trying a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device, which delivers mild electrical currents to lessen pain signals. While some people find it beneficial, results can vary. You may have the option to borrow a TENS instrument before deciding to purchase one.

Knee braces and supports might also be recommended to provide stability and relieve stress on the joint.

An occupational therapist can offer practical solutions to make daily tasks easier. They may suggest modifications to your home, car, or workplace, such as installing grab rails, stair aids, or chair and bed raisers.

Medications:

Pain relief medications can help manage osteoarthritis symptoms. If self-care measures don’t provide enough relief, a doctor may recommend:

  • Topical NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs): Creams or gels containing ibuprofen or capsaicin (pain relieving substance) can be applied directly to the knee.
  • Oral NSAIDs: If topical treatments aren’t effective, NSAID tablets may be prescribed. To reduce stomach irritation, these are often taken with an additional medication.
  • Other pain relief options: If NSAIDs are unsuitable, paracetamol or short-term opioid medications may be considered.

Although some people use supplements like glucosamine or chondroitin, there is limited evidence of their effectiveness. Consult your doctor before taking them.

Surgical treatment:

If osteoarthritis severely impacts daily life and other treatments haven’t helped, surgery may be an option. Common surgical procedures include:

  • Knee arthroscopy: While not typically recommended for osteoarthritis, keyhole surgery may be performed to remove damaged cartilage, especially if the knee locks.
  • Osteotomy: This procedure involves cutting and repositioning the bone to shift weight away from the damaged knee area. It is usually recommended for individuals below 60 years.
  • Knee replacement surgery: A partial or total knee replacement may be performed to replace impaired joint parts using artificial components.

Summary

Having knee osteoarthritis doesn’t mean you have to endure constant pain and discomfort. With the right treatment plan, you can improve mobility, reduce stiffness, and enhance your overall quality of life. Whether it’s physical therapy or medical intervention, there are options available to help you stay active and pain-free.

Don’t let knee pain hold you back—make an appointment today with our experts to discuss your symptoms and find the best path toward relief and recovery.